Scheduling workloads and making provision decisions of computer resources in a computing environment

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the present invention disclose a computer-implemented method, computer program product, and system for workload scheduling and resource provisioning. In one embodiment, in accordance with the present invention, the computer implemented method includes the steps of scheduling a set of pending workloads for execution on computer resources in a computing environment; identifying a workload in the set of pending workloads that is scheduled to utilize hypothetic resources, wherein hypothetic resources are idle computer resources that are currently not available, but can be made available to execute workloads through provisioning actions; holding the identified workload from dispatch to hypothetic resources for a holding period, wherein the holding period is a customizable duration of time; provisioning the hypothetic resources corresponding to computer resource requirements of the identified workload; determining whether the provisioned hypothetic resources have become available during the holding period.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of computerresource management, and more particularly to scheduling workloads oncomputer resources.

STATEMENT REGARDING PRIOR DISCLOSURES BY THE INVENTOR OR A JOINTINVENTOR

Various aspects of the present invention have been disclosed in theproduct Dynamic Cluster Version 9.1, made publicly available on Dec. 14,2012. This disclosure is submitted under 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(1)(A). Thefollowing documentation is provided in support:

-   -   IBM United States Software Announcement 212-423, IBM Platform        LSF V9.1 delivers significant performance and scalability        advances;    -   Dynamic Cluster, Version 9.1 User Guide.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a workload scheduling system, a plurality of physical machines,virtual machines, and servers can exist to be utilized for execution ofworkloads. Workloads include batch jobs, computational tasks,application programs, or other processes, and each workload requires aspecific set of resources for execution. Users of the workloadscheduling system submit workloads into the system, where the workloadsare scheduled and executed utilizing resources of the physical machines,virtual machines, and servers. Each physical machine, virtual machine,and server is comprised of resources, which include memory, softwarelicenses, applications, central processing units (CPUs), cores,hyper-threads, operating systems, and disk space. A resource can includeone or more sub-resources (e.g., a physical machine or a virtual machineis a resource that can have sub-resources of multiple CPUs, a CPU is aresource that can have sub-resources of multiple cores, a core is aresource that can have multiple hyper-threads, etc.). A server can hostmultiple virtual machines, and a hypervisor can control provisioning andallocation of the resources of the server to each virtual machine on theserver. A hypervisor is a piece of hardware, software, or firmware thatis utilized to create and run virtual machines, and manage resourcesthat are available to the virtual machines. Provisioning of resourcesconfigures servers and physical machines corresponding to resourcerequirements (e.g., resources requirements of deployed workloads),allowing for execution of workloads with the corresponding resourcerequirements.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention disclose a computer implementedmethod, computer program product, and system for workload scheduling andresource provisioning. In one embodiment, in accordance with the presentinvention, the computer implemented method includes the steps ofscheduling a set of pending workloads for execution on computerresources in a computing environment; identifying a workload in the setof pending workloads that is scheduled to utilize hypothetic resources,wherein hypothetic resources are idle computer resources that arecurrently not available, but can be made available to execute workloadsthrough provisioning actions; holding the identified workload fromdispatch to hypothetic resources for a holding period, wherein theholding period is a customizable duration of time; provisioning thehypothetic resources corresponding to computer resource requirements ofthe identified workload; and determining whether the provisionedhypothetic resources have become available during the holding period. Inanother embodiment, responsive to determining that the provisionedhypothetic resources have become available during the holding period,dispatching the identified workload to the corresponding provisionedhypothetic resources.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a data processing environment inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart depicting operational steps of a program forscheduling workloads on idle resources within a computing environment,in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of components of the computing system ofFIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention allow for scheduling workloads onidle resources within a computing environment. A workload schedulerreceives workloads to execute using resources on physical machines andvirtual machines. The workload scheduler determines a list of idleresources on physical machines and virtual machines, and schedules a setof pending workloads for execution on the determined idle resources. Aprovisioning system provisions the determined resources so that thepending workloads can be executed, and the workload scheduler sends thepending workloads to the physical machines and virtual machines forexecution.

Embodiments of the present invention recognize that in a workloadscheduling system, many resources can be idle at a given time. In acomplex workload scheduling system, finding a matched resource for aworkload is not the only factor in deciding whether or not the workloadcan be dispatched to the resource. The scheduling process includes avariety of different policies, which are utilized to decide which setsof resources are scheduled to execute which workloads.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the formof an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.), or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer-readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code/instructions embodiedthereon.

Any combination of computer-readable media may be utilized.Computer-readable media may be a computer-readable signal medium or acomputer-readable storage medium. A computer-readable storage medium maybe, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical,electromagnetic, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or anysuitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (anon-exhaustive list) of a computer-readable storage medium would includethe following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a randomaccess memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmableread-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a portable compact discread-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storagedevice, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context ofthis document, a computer-readable storage medium may be any tangiblemedium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connectionwith an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer-readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer-readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer-readable signal medium may be any computer-readable medium thatis not a computer-readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer-readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent invention may be written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Java®, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional proceduralprogramming languages, such as the C programming language or similarprogramming languages. The program code may execute entirely on a user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).

Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in acomputer-readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmabledata processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce acomputer-implemented process such that the instructions, which executeon the computer or other programmable apparatus, provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The present invention will now be described in detail with reference tothe Figures. FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating dataprocessing environment 100, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

An embodiment of data processing environment 100 includes client devices110 and 115, workload scheduler 120, provisioning system 130, physicalmachines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160, all interconnected overnetwork communications. Client devices 110 and 115 send workloads (e.g.,workloads 123 and 124) to workload scheduler 120 for execution onphysical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160. For example, aworkload can be applications or programs (e.g., computational tasks,batch jobs, interactive sessions, etc.), that are submitted to run(pending), are currently running, or have finished running on resourcesof data processing environment 100. In various embodiments of thepresent invention, client devices 110 and 115 may be workstations,personal computers, personal digital assistants, mobile phones, or anyother devices capable of executing program instructions in accordancewith embodiments of the present invention. In general, client devices110 and 115 are representative of any electronic device or combinationof electronic devices capable of executing machine-readable programinstructions, as described in greater detail with regard to FIG. 3, inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention. Client devices 110and 115 include respective instances of user interface 112 andapplication 114. User interface 112 accepts input from individualsutilizing client devices 110 and 115. Client devices 110 and 115 canutilize application 114 to select workloads to send to workloadscheduler 120. Application 114 can be any form of application (e.g., webbrowser, software, etc.), that is capable of sending and receiving datafrom workload scheduler 120.

In one embodiment, client devices 110 and 115, workload scheduler 120,provisioning system 130, physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150and 160 communicate through network communications. Networkcommunications can be, for example, a local area network (LAN), atelecommunications network, a wide area network (WAN) such as theInternet, or a combination of the three, and include wired, wireless, orfiber optic connections. In general, network communications can be anycombination of connections and protocols that will supportcommunications between client devices 110 and 115, workload scheduler120, provisioning system 130, physical machines 140 and 145, and servers150 and 160 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

In one embodiment, workload scheduler 120 receives workloads from clientdevices 110 and 115 (e.g., workloads 123 and 124), and schedules thereceived workloads on physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and160 corresponding to resource availability. In example embodiments,workload scheduler 120 can be a desktop computer, computer server, orany other computer system known in the art capable of performingfunctions in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Incertain embodiments, workload scheduler 120 represents computer systemsutilizing clustered computers and components (e.g., database servercomputers, application server computers, etc.), that act as a singlepool of seamless resources when accessed by elements of data processingenvironment 100 (e.g., client devices 110 and 115, provisioning system130, physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160). Ingeneral, workload scheduler 120 is representative of any electronicdevice or combination of electronic devices capable of executingmachine-readable program instructions, as described in greater detailwith regard to FIG. 3, in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention.

Workload scheduler 120 includes pending workloads 122 and schedulingprogram 200. Pending workloads 122 store workloads received from usersof workload scheduler 120 (e.g., client device 110 and 115), that havenot yet been sent to physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and160 for execution. In one embodiment, pending workloads 122 includesworkloads 123 and 124. Workloads 123 and 124 represent workloads, thatclient devices 110 and 115 have submitted to workload scheduler 120,which have not yet been executed. In example embodiments, workload 123and workload 124 have different resource requirements for execution. Forexample, workload 123 has resource requirements of Application A, oneCPU, and 1 Gigabyte (GB) of memory, and workload 124 has resourcerequirements of Application C, Software B and a corresponding softwarelicense, 1 CPU, and 2 GB of memory. Pending workloads 122 can beimplemented with any type of storage device, for example, persistentstorage 308, which is capable of storing data that may be accessed andutilized by client devices 110 and 115, workload scheduler 120,provisioning system 130, physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150and 160 such as a database server, a hard disk drive, or flash memory.In other embodiments, pending workloads 122 can represent multiplestorage devices within workload scheduler 120. In various embodiments,scheduling program 200 schedules workloads on idle resources within acomputing environment, in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention.

In one embodiment, provisioning system 130 provisions resources ofphysical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160 (e.g., respectiveinstances of resources 142, 147, 155, 157 and 165), corresponding torequirements of workloads in pending workloads 122. In exampleembodiments, provisioning system 130 can be a desktop computer, computerserver, or any other computer system known in the art capable ofperforming functions in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention. In certain embodiments, provisioning system 130 representscomputer systems utilizing clustered computers and components (e.g.,database server computers, application server computers, etc.), that actas a single pool of seamless resources when accessed by elements of dataprocessing environment 100 (e.g., client devices 110 and 115, workloadscheduler 120, physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160).In general, provisioning system 130 is representative of any electronicdevice or combination of electronic devices capable of executingmachine-readable program instructions, as described in greater detailwith regard to FIG. 3, in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention.

Provisioning system 130 includes storage device 132 and provisioningsoftware 136. Storage device 132 stores templates that provisioningsystem 130 utilizes to provision resources of physical machines 140 and145, and servers 150 and 160. In one embodiment, storage device 132stores templates 133 and 134. Templates 133 and 134 includespecifications and executable procedures that provisioning system 130can utilize to provision physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150and 160. In an embodiment, templates 133 and 134 include all parametersnecessary to provision physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150and 160 (e.g., variables, attributes, binaries, scripts, disk images,etc.). Storage device 132 can be implemented with any type of storagedevice, for example, persistent storage 308, which is capable of storingdata that may be accessed and utilized by client devices 110 and 115,workload scheduler 120, provisioning system 130, physical machines 140and 145, and servers 150 and 160 such as a database server, a hard diskdrive, or flash memory. In other embodiments, storage device 132 canrepresent multiple storage devices within provisioning system 130.

In example embodiments, provisioning system 130 utilizes provisioningsoftware 136 to provision resources of physical machines 140 and 145,and servers 150 and 160 corresponding to templates (e.g., templates 133and 134), and requirements of workloads (of workload scheduler 120).Provisioning is the process of configuring resources (e.g., of physicalmachines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160), based on resourcerequirements of workloads on workload scheduler 120. For example,provisioning system 130 can utilize template 133 to provision resourcesof physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160 to executeworkload 123, and template 134 to provision resources of physicalmachines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160 to execute workload 124.In this example, template 133 and template 134 include specificationsand procedures that include, but are not limited to the requirements ofworkloads 123 and 124 respectively.

Physical machines 140 and 145 include respective instances of resources142 and 147. In example embodiments, physical machines 140 and 145 canbe desktop computers, computer servers, or any other computer systemsknown in the art capable of performing functions in accordance withembodiments of the present invention. Resources 142 and 147 of physicalmachines 140 and 145 are computer resources that are utilized to executeprograms (i.e. workloads 123 and 124), and can include, but are notlimited to: memory, software licenses, applications, central processingunits (CPUs), operating systems, network bandwidth, and disk space.Workload scheduler 120 can schedule workloads to utilize resources ofphysical machines 140 and 145, and provisioning system 130 can provisionthe resources corresponding to workloads.

In one embodiment, server 150 includes hypervisor 152 and virtualmachines 154 and 156, and server 160 includes hypervisor 162 and virtualmachine 164. In example embodiments, servers 150 and 160 can be desktopcomputers, computer servers, or any other computer systems known in theart capable of performing functions in accordance with embodiments ofthe present invention. In certain embodiments, servers 150 and 160represent computer systems utilizing clustered computers and components(e.g., database server computers, application server computers, etc.),that act as a single pool of seamless resources when accessed byelements of data processing environment 100 (e.g., client devices 110and 115, workload scheduler 120, and provisioning system 130). Ingeneral, servers 150 and 160 is representative of any electronic deviceor combination of electronic devices capable of executingmachine-readable program instructions, as described in greater detailwith regard to FIG. 3, in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention.

In one embodiment, virtual machines 154 and 156 on server 150 andvirtual machine 164 on server 160 include respective instances ofresources 155, 157 and 165. Resources 155, 157 and 165 of servers 150and 160 are computer resources that are utilized to execute programs(i.e. workloads 123 and 124), and can include, but are not limited to:memory, software licenses, applications, central processing units(CPUs), operating systems, network bandwidth, and disk space. In exampleembodiments, provisioning system can provision virtual machines thatinclude resources of servers 150 and 160 (e.g., virtual machines 154,156 and 164). In other embodiments, servers 150 and 160 can include morevirtual machines in addition to virtual machines 154, 156 and 164.Workload scheduler 120 schedules workloads to utilize resources ofvirtual machines on servers 150 and 160. A hypervisor (i.e., hypervisors152 and 162), is a piece of hardware, software, or firmware on a server(e.g., servers 150 and 160), that is utilized to create and run virtualmachines, and manage resources that are available to the virtualmachines. Hypervisors 152 and 162 control resource allocation to virtualmachines 154, 156 and 164 on respective servers 150 and 160. In oneembodiment, provisioning system 130 can utilize hypervisors 152 and 162to provision resources on servers 150 and 160.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart depicting operational steps of scheduling program200 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In oneembodiment, workload scheduler 120 is continuously scheduling workloadson physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160, andscheduling program 200 initiates responsive to workload scheduler 120receiving workloads from client devices 110 and 115.

Scheduling program 200 determines a list of hypothetic resourcescorresponding to resource requirements of pending workloads (step 202).In one embodiment, scheduling program 200 determines a list ofhypothetic resources on physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150and 160 that correspond to the resource requirements of workloads inpending workloads 122 (i.e., workload 123 and workload 124). Ahypothetic resource is an idle computer resource that is currently notavailable, but can be made available to execute workloads throughprovisioning actions of provisioning system 130, provided that adequatephysical room is available for the provisioning actions (e.g. disk spacefor installing Software B, or 2 GB idle memory in a server for addingthe memory to a virtual machine). For example, physical machine 140 isutilizing resources 142 to execute a workload, and resources 142,provisioned to physical machine 140, include 2 CPUs, 4 GB memory, butnot Software B and a corresponding software license. If the workloadbeing executed on physical machine 140 only uses 1 CPU and 2 GB memory,and a pending workload requires 1 CPU, 2 GB memory, and Software B andthe corresponding software license, then workload scheduler 120 canutilize scheduling program 200 to detect that physical machine 140 has 1CPU and 2 GB memory idle. In this example, scheduling program 200 canthen make a scheduling decision to provision Software B and thecorresponding software license in resources 142 in physical machine 140,and allocate the idle 1 CPU, 2 GB memory, and to-be-provisioned SoftwareB, and the corresponding software license, in resources 142, for thepending workload. In this case, Software B and the correspondingsoftware license are hypothetic resources because Software B and thecorresponding software license are currently not available (i.e., do notexist), in resources 142, unless provisioning actions (by provisioningsystem 130), are performed to make Software B and the correspondingsoftware license available.

In an example, workload 123 has resource requirements of Application A,1 CPU, and 1 Gigabyte (GB) of memory, and workload 124 has resourcerequirements of Application C, Software B and the corresponding softwarelicense, 1 CPU, and 2 GB of memory. Scheduling program 200 analyzesresource availabilities of physical machines 140 and 145, and servers150 and 160 to determine a list of hypothetic resources corresponding tothe resource requirements of workloads 123 and 124. In this example,scheduling program 200 determines a list indicating that resources 155,of virtual machine 154, include 1 idle CPU, but need to provisionhypothetic resources of Application C, Software B and the correspondingsoftware license, and 2 GB of memory for workload 124; server 150includes capacity or idle resources to provision a new virtual machineof hypothetic resources of Application A, 1 CPU, and 1 GB of memory forworkload 123; and resources 142 of physical machine 140 includeApplication C, 1 idle CPU, and 2 GB of idle memory, but need toprovision hypothetic resources of Software B and the correspondingsoftware license for workload 124.

Scheduling program 200 then schedules the set of pending workloads (step204). In one embodiment, scheduling program 200 schedules the workloadsin pending workloads 122 on resources of physical machines 140 and 145,and servers 150 and 160, which may include hypothetic resources(determined in step 202). Scheduling program 200 utilizes schedulingpolicies that are associated with workload scheduler 120 to determinewhich resources of physical machines 140 and 145 and servers 150 and 160to utilize for scheduling workloads. In one example, if workload 123 hasbeen in pending workloads 122 longer than workload 124, then ascheduling policy can indicate that scheduling program 200 is to giveworkload 123 priority over workload 124. In this example, since workload123 has priority over workload 124, the idle resources of server 150will be used to provision a new virtual machine for workload 123,instead of utilizing the hypothetic resources of Application C and 2 GBof memory (which can be utilized for workload 124). In another example,different users of workload scheduler 120 can have a resource fair-sharepolicy (e.g., for equal share, if client device 110 has already beenallocated five instances of Software B and the corresponding softwarelicense for running workloads, client device 115 only has two instancesof Software B and the corresponding software license for runningworkloads, then pending workload 124 of client device 115, for SoftwareB and the corresponding software license, will be given a higherpriority). In an embodiment, scheduling program 200 prefers schedulingworkloads on actually available resources (i.e., idle resources that donot require provisioning) over hypothetic resources.

Since hypothetic resources are not currently available, schedulingprogram 200 predicts potential values of the hypothetic resources forthe scheduling process (of step 204), to evaluate whether the hypotheticresources can meet resource requirements of pending workloads.Scheduling program 200 evaluates whether the hypothetic resources canmeet resource requirements of workloads in pending workloads 122 bydistinguishing the hypothetic resources into different types. A staticresource is a resource that does not change before or after provisioning(e.g., CPU model, number of CPU cores of a physical machine, maximummemory size of a physical machine, etc.). Scheduling program 200 canutilize the statically configured values of the static resources. Aprovisionable resource can be changed by provisioning, but not byrunning a workload (e.g., operating system type and version, provisionedmemory size of a virtual machine, provisioned CPUs of a virtual machine,etc.). Since the resources are provisionable, the provisioned values canbe listed in a template utilized to provision the resource. Thenscheduling program 200 can retrieve the provision values from thetemplate to evaluate whether the provisionable resources meet workloadresource requirements. A dynamic resource can change at any time while aphysical machine, virtual machine, or server is running, with or withoutworkloads (e.g., CPU utilization, current free memory size, etc.). Atemplate of the dynamic resources can indicate the least loaded valuesof the dynamic resources, which considers possible resource consumptionof the system (e.g., operating system, software, etc.). Then schedulingprogram 200 can use the least loaded values of the dynamic resources toevaluate whether the dynamic resources meet workload resourcerequirements, because the newly provisioned dynamic resources ofhypothetic resources are not used by any workloads yet.

Scheduling program 200 then identifies workloads that are scheduled to ahypothetic resource (step 206). In one embodiment, scheduling program200 identifies which workloads of pending workloads 122 are scheduled(in step 204) to hypothetic resources (determined in step 202). Forexample, if in step 204 scheduling program 200 schedules workload 124 toresources determined to be hypothetic resources (from step 202), thenscheduling program 200 identifies workload 124 as being scheduled to thehypothetic resources (e.g., hypothetical resources of Software B and thecorresponding software license in resources 142 of physical machine140).

Scheduling program 200 then holds workloads that are scheduled tohypothetic resources (step 208). In one embodiment, scheduling program200 places a hold on workloads that are scheduled to hypotheticresources (identified in step 206), so that the held workloads canremain in pending workloads 122 until corresponding resources areprovisioned. In example embodiments, the duration of time of the holdingperiod is customizable. During the holding period of a workload, thehypothetic resources (e.g. to-be-provisioned Software B and thecorresponding software license in resources 142, of physical machine140, allocated for workload 124), and other available resources (e.g.already-available Application C, 1 CPU, and 2 GB of memory in resources142 of physical machine 140 allocated for workload 124), will be held aswell so that the resources will not be allocated to other pendingworkloads.

Scheduling program 200 then provisions the determined hypotheticresources (step 210). In one embodiment, scheduling program 200 utilizesprovisioning system 130 to provision the determined hypothetic resources(determined in step 202) to allow for execution of pending workloads122. Provisioning system 130 utilizes provisioning templates in storagedevice 132 (i.e., templates 133 and 134), to provision the determinedhypothetic resources into resources that workload scheduler 120 canutilize to execute workloads, which scheduling program 200 marks astentative resources. A tentative resource is a hypothetic resource thatscheduling program 200 has utilized, or is utilizing provisioning system130 to provision. In one embodiment, scheduling program 200 can scheduleadditional workloads onto tentative resources. Once hypothetic resourcesare marked as tentative resources, workload scheduler 120 can schedulemore pending workloads to the tentative resources without going throughstep 202 to re-determine the resources as hypothetic resources.

In a previously discussed example, workload 123 has resourcerequirements of Application A, 1 CPU, and 1 Gigabyte (GB) of memory, andworkload 124 has resource requirements of Application C, Software B andthe corresponding software license, 1 CPU, and 2 GB of memory. In thisexample, scheduling program 200 utilizes provisioning system 130 (andtemplate 133), to provision a new virtual machine of hypotheticresources of Application A, 1 CPU, and 1 GB of memory for workload 123.Scheduling program 200 also utilizes provisioning system 130 (andtemplate 134), to provision Software B, and the corresponding softwarelicense, in resources 142 of physical machine 140, for workload 124.Scheduling program 200 marks the being-provisioned hypothetic resourcesas tentative resources. Once Software B and the corresponding softwarelicense in resources 142 of physical machine 140 are marked as tentativeresources, scheduling program 200 can schedule a pending workload ofclient device 110 for Software B and the corresponding software licenseto the tentative resources in resources 142 of physical machine 140(e.g., as in a previously discussed resource fair-share policy example).

Scheduling program 200 then determines whether the tentative resourceshave become available during the holding period (decision step 212). Inone embodiment, scheduling program 200 determines whether thebeing-provisioned hypothetic resources (i.e., tentative resources ofstep 210), have been provisioned successfully during the holding period(of step 208) and are available for the execution of workloads.Scheduling program 200 considers a tentative resource to be available ifthe provisioning actions (of step 210) that provisioning system 130performs have been executed successfully during the previously specifiedholding period (in step 208). If the provisioning actions aresuccessfully completed during the time duration of the holding period,then the tentative resources are available to execute workloads.

In step 214, scheduling program 200 dispatches the scheduled workloadsto the determined available resources. In one embodiment, responsive todetermining that the tentative resources have become available duringthe holding period (decision step 212, “yes” branch), scheduling program200 dispatches the workloads scheduled for execution (in step 204) tothe determined available resources that have been allocated to theworkloads (of step 212). Scheduling program 200 dispatches the heldworkloads from pending workloads 122 to the determined availableresources of physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and 160. Inthe previously discussed example of workload 124, if provisioning system130 successfully provisions a new virtual machine on server 150 forworkload 123, and Software B and the corresponding software license ofresources 142, of physical machine 140, for workload 124 within thespecified holding period, then scheduling program 200 determines thatthe tentative resources have become available (decision step 212).Responsive to determining that the corresponding tentative resources areavailable, scheduling program 200 dispatches workload 123 to the newvirtual machine on server 150 for execution, and workload 124 toresources 142 of physical machine 140 for execution.

In step 216, scheduling program 200 queues workloads back to a pendingstate and removes corresponding tentative resources. In one embodiment,responsive to determining that the tentative resources have not becomeavailable during the holding period (decision step 212, “no” branch),scheduling program 200 returns the workloads scheduled to the determinednot available resources back to a pending state (e.g., in pendingworkloads 122), and removes the tentative resources that were determinednot to be available. In an example embodiment, if a tentative resourcesdoes not become available within the holding period, then theprovisioning (in step 210), of the tentative resources may have failed(e.g., error resulting in provisioning action of provisioning system 130failing), or the provisioning actions did not execute within the holdingperiod (e.g., error resulting in provisioning action of provisioningsystem 130 timing out). In another embodiment, responsive to determiningthat the tentative resources have not become available during theholding period (decision step 212, “no” branch), scheduling programcancels any pending provisioning actions corresponding to the tentativeresources (i.e., removing the tentative resources). In the previouslydiscussed example of workload 123, if provisioning system 130 does notsuccessfully provision a new virtual machine on server 150 within thespecified holding period, then scheduling program 200 determines thatthe tentative resources are not available. Responsive to determiningthat the corresponding tentative resources are not available (decisionstep 212), scheduling program 200 queues workload 123 back to a pendingstate in pending workloads 122 and cancels the provisioning actionscorresponding to the new virtual machine on server 150.

In other embodiments, to avoid overhead costs of frequent or repetitiveprovisioning actions, once tentative resources are determined to beavailable (in decision step 212), the available resources can remainprovisioned (e.g., in physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150 and160) for a period of time. The period of time can be a configurableduration of time, during which additional workloads can be scheduled tothe provisioned resources. For example, a time-to-live time duration(e.g., starts counting when a machine is powered on), or a time-to-idletime duration (e.g., starts counting when a machine becomes idle). Afterthe time period expires, the provisioned resources can be removed orre-provisioned back into resources of physical machines 140 and 145 orservers 150 and 160.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of components of computer 300, which isrepresentative of client devices 110 and 115, workload scheduler 120,provisioning system 130, physical machines 140 and 145, and servers 150and 160 in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention. It should be appreciated that FIG. 3 provides only anillustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitationswith regard to the environments in which different embodiments may beimplemented. Many modifications to the depicted environment may be made.

Computer 300 includes communications fabric 302, which providescommunications between computer processor(s) 304, memory 306, persistentstorage 308, communications unit 310, and input/output (I/O)interface(s) 312. Communications fabric 302 can be implemented with anyarchitecture designed for passing data and/or control informationbetween processors (such as microprocessors, communications and networkprocessors, etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any otherhardware components within a system. For example, communications fabric302 can be implemented with one or more buses.

Memory 306 and persistent storage 308 are computer-readable storagemedia. In this embodiment, memory 306 includes random access memory(RAM) 314 and cache memory 316. In general, memory 306 can include anysuitable volatile or non-volatile computer-readable storage media.Software and data 322 are stored in persistent storage 308 for accessand/or execution by processor(s) 304 via one or more memories of memory306. With respect to client devices 110 and 115, software and data 322represent application 114. With respect to workload scheduler 120,software and data 322 represents workloads 123 and 124, and schedulingprogram 200. With respect to provisioning system 130, software and data322 represents templates 133 and 134, and provisioning software 136.With respect to server 150, software and data 322 represents hypervisor152, and virtual machines 154 and 156. With respect to server 160,software and data 322 represents hypervisor 162, and virtual machine164.

In this embodiment, persistent storage 308 includes a magnetic hard diskdrive. Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive,persistent storage 308 can include a solid state hard drive, asemiconductor storage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any othercomputer-readable storage media capable of storing program instructionsor digital information.

The media used by persistent storage 308 may also be removable. Forexample, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage 308.Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, andsmart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto anothercomputer-readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage308.

Communications unit 310, in these examples, provides for communicationswith other data processing systems or devices. In these examples,communications unit 310 may include one or more network interface cards.Communications unit 310 may provide communications through the use ofeither or both physical and wireless communications links. Software anddata 322 may be downloaded to persistent storage 308 throughcommunications unit 310.

I/O interface(s) 312 allows for input and output of data with otherdevices that may be connected to computer 300. For example, I/Ointerface 312 may provide a connection to external devices 318 such as akeyboard, keypad, a touch screen, and/or some other suitable inputdevice. External devices 318 can also include portable computer-readablestorage media such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical ormagnetic disks, and memory cards. Software and data 322 can be stored onsuch portable computer-readable storage media and can be loaded ontopersistent storage 308 via I/O interface(s) 312. I/O interface(s) 312also can connect to a display 320.

Display 320 provides a mechanism to display data to a user and may be,for example, a computer monitor. Display 320 can also function as atouch screen, such as a display of a tablet computer.

The programs described herein are identified based upon the applicationfor which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of theinvention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular programnomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus theinvention should not be limited to use solely in any specificapplication identified and/or implied by such nomenclature.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof code, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be notedthat, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in theblock may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, twoblocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

1-6. (canceled)
 7. A computer program product for workload schedulingand resource provisioning, including one or more computer-readablestorage media and program instructions stored on at least one of the oneor more storage media, wherein execution of the program instructions byone or more processors of a computer system causes the one or moreprocessors to carry out the acts of: scheduling a set of pendingworkloads for execution on computer resources in a computingenvironment; identifying a workload in the set of pending workloads thatis scheduled to utilize hypothetic resources, wherein hypotheticresources are idle computer resources that are currently not available,but can be made available to execute workloads through provisioningactions; holding the identified workload from dispatch to hypotheticresources for a holding period, wherein the holding period is acustomizable duration of time; provisioning the hypothetic resourcescorresponding to computer resource requirements of the identifiedworkload; and determining whether the provisioned hypothetic resourceshave become available during the holding period.
 8. The computer programproduct in accordance with claim 7, wherein execution of the programinstructions by the one or more processors of the computer system causesthe one or more processors to carry out the additional acts of:responsive to determining that the provisioned hypothetic resources havebecome available during the holding period, dispatching the identifiedworkload to the corresponding provisioned hypothetic resources.
 9. Thecomputer program product in accordance with claim 7, wherein executionof the program instructions by the one or more processors of thecomputer system causes the one or more processors to carry out theadditional acts of: responsive to determining that the provisionedhypothetic resources have not become available during the holdingperiod, cancelling provisioning actions on the hypothetic resources; andreturning the identified workload back to a pending state.
 10. Thecomputer program product in accordance with claim 7, wherein executionof the program instructions by the one or more processors of thecomputer system causes the one or more processors to carry out theadditional acts of: determining a list of hypothetic resourcescorresponding to computer resource requirements of the set of pendingworkloads; and determining whether potential values of hypotheticresources can meet resource requirements of pending workloads.
 11. Thecomputer program product in accordance with claim 7, wherein thecomputer resources include memory, central processing units (CPUs),software licenses, applications, network bandwidth, operating systemsand disk space located on physical machines and virtual machines in thecomputing environment.
 12. The computer program product in accordancewith claim 7, wherein provisioned hypothetic resources are availablewhen the hypothetic resources are provisioned successfully during theholding period and are available for the execution of workloads.
 13. Acomputer system for workload scheduling and resource provisioning, thecomputer system comprising: one or more computer processors; one or morecomputer-readable storage media; program instructions stored on thecomputer-readable storage media for execution by at least one of the oneor more processors, the program instructions comprising: programinstructions to schedule a set of pending workloads for execution oncomputer resources in a computing environment; program instructions toidentify a workload in the set of pending workloads that is scheduled toutilize hypothetic resources, wherein hypothetic resources are idlecomputer resources that are currently not available, but can be madeavailable to execute workloads through provisioning actions; programinstructions to hold the identified workload from dispatch to hypotheticresources for a holding period, wherein the holding period is acustomizable duration of time; program instructions to provision thehypothetic resources corresponding to computer resource requirements ofthe identified workload; and program instructions to determine whetherthe provisioned hypothetic resources have become available during theholding period.
 14. The computer system in accordance with claim 13,further comprising program instructions to: responsive to determiningthat the provisioned hypothetic resources have become available duringthe holding period, dispatch the identified workload to thecorresponding provisioned hypothetic resources.
 15. The computer systemin accordance with claim 13, further comprising program instructions to:responsive to determining that the provisioned hypothetic resources havenot become available during the holding period, cancel provisioningactions on the hypothetic resources; and return the identified workloadback to a pending state.
 16. The computer system in accordance withclaim 13, further comprising program instructions to: determine a listof hypothetic resources corresponding to computer resource requirementsof the set of pending workloads; and determine whether potential valuesof hypothetic resources can meet resource requirements of pendingworkloads.
 17. The computer system in accordance with claim 13, whereinthe computer resources include memory, central processing units (CPUs),software licenses, applications, network bandwidth, operating systemsand disk space located on physical machines and virtual machines in thecomputing environment.
 18. The computer system in accordance with claim13, wherein provisioned hypothetic resources are available when thehypothetic resources are provisioned successfully during the holdingperiod and are available for the execution of workloads.